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For more than half a century Colombia has been plagued by civil strife, most pronounced during the civil war of the late 1940s and 1950s (La Violencia), and the narco-terrorism of the 1980s and 1990s. What brought such conflict to an otherwise sophisticated country, one characterized by remarkable physical beauty, a diversified economy with rich natural resources? What were the sources of civil conflict? What gave rise to the guerrilla movements in the 1960s and 1970s? How did the development of international narcotics impact Colombian society? Was Plan Colombia part of the solution or part of the problem? What are the prospects for an enduring peace? This talk traces the evolution of Colombia’s civil conflict from the late 1940s to the current implementation of the peace accord.